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Robert Hallowell Gardiner III (September 9, 1855 – June 15, 1924) was an Episcopal layman and ecumenist, head of the Brotherhood of St. Andrew and one of the founders of the World Council of Churches. A prominent lawyer in Maine and Boston until his retirement for health reasons, he was the great-grandson of Dr. Silvester Gardiner, the founder of Gardiner, Maine, and a trustee for the Gardiner Lyceum school and the Roxbury Latin School. ==Early and family life== Robert Hallowell Gardiner III was born in a primitive adobe house in Fort Tejon, California, the son of a military officer, Captain John William Tudor Gardiner and his wife Anne Elizabeth Hays Gardiner. His mother was the daughter of a prominent Cumberland County, Pennsylvania businessman, and this was her second marriage, since her first husband (also a military officer) had fallen ill and died at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in 1843, and she had also previously lost a baby. Although Elizabeth Hays' family was nominally Presbyterian, she married Tudor Gardiner in 1854 at a historic Episcopal church in near Washington, D.C (St. Thomas Parish). Capt. Gardiner was then assigned to guard the Grapevine Pass through the Tehachapi Mountains, which gold prospectors crossed on their way to Placerita Canyon near Los Angeles, California. Numerous Native Americans lived in the area: the Chumash at Santa Barbara, as well as Shoshone Gitanemuks and Yokuts. Commanding officer Col. Edward F. Beale wanted to protect these indigenous peoples as well as displaced Amerindians from a developing slave trade in Native American children. The elder Gardiners also worried that John C. Fremont had recently reversed over a century of colonial paternalism, with negative consequences toward longtime inhabitants of Spanish or Mexican descent. In 1859, the young family (which by then included Eleanor Harriet Gardiner, who later became an Anglican nun and Sister Superior of Trinity Hospital in New York City) moved back to Maine for Tudor Gardiner to recover from rheumatism, gout and other conditions complicated by the harsh conditions of his decades of military service. Here Anne Gardiner bore another daughter (who died the following year), then three sons (two of them twins). Tudor Gardiner formally retired from the army in 1861, only to become general superintendent of recruiting for the Union Army in Maine, earning assistant adjutant general rank by the war's end. In 1866, the family moved to Boston so young Robert could enroll in the Roxbury Latin School. Although he was a good student, the family uprooted again in 1869 to move to Canada and live with Tudor's brother, Robert Hallowell Gardiner II, who had married a prominent Savannah, Georgia, belle before the American Civil War (but ended up ostracised by both sides for his divided loyalties), and had moved to Canada to organize canals and railroads. Other related Gardiners were prominent in the Anglican Church, including Rev. Frederick Gardiner, who became professor of biblical literature at Berkeley Divinity School in Middletown, Connecticut, and his sons Rev. Frederic Gardiner, Jr. (dean of the Episcopal cathedral in Sioux Falls, South Dakota and later headmaster at the Pomfret School and Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut), and John Hays Gardiner (who became a Harvard University professor and author of 'The Bible as English Literature'). Young John Hallowell Gardiner graduated from a Canadian high school at age 15, then after another year at Roxbury Latin, entered Harvard College. He ultimately graduated eighth in his class of 142, then taught languages for several years. In 1878, John Hallowell Gardiner entered Harvard Law School. However, his father's death forced him to drop out and support his widowed mother, as well as sister and teenaged twin brothers. He married Alice Bangs, of a distinguished Boston family which included many lawyers, on June 23, 1881. They ultimately had five children: Robert Hallowell IV (b. 1882), Alice (b. 1885), Sylvester (1888-1889), Anna Lowell (b. 1890) and William Tudor (b. 1892). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Robert Hallowell Gardiner III」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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